Late administration of a specific COX-2 inhibitor does not treat and/or prevent progression of gastric tumors in rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux procedure.

PURPOSE: To assess whether late introduction of a specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) can treat and/or prevent the progression of tumors in the stomach of rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux. METHODS: Seventy five male Wistar rats, weighing 150 grams, were submitted to the induction of duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus. At 36 weeks of follow-up were established three experimental groups: DGR36 sacrificed immediately, DGR54 and DGR54MLX both sacrificed at 54th week of follow-up . The animals of the latter group were fed with a rat chow premixed with Meloxicam (2.0 mg/ kg feed; 0.3 mg / kg bw / day) and the other two with standard rat chow. The lesions found in the pyloric mucosa and gastrojejunal anastomosis were analyzed macroscopically and histologically. For statistical analysis was adjusted a generalized linear model assuming a binomial distribution with LOGIT link function. RESULTS: No significant differences were found when comparing the incidences of benign tumor lesions (Adenomatous Hyperplasia), p=0.4915, or malignant (Mucinous Adenocarcinoma), p=0.2731, among groups. CONCLUSION: Late introduction of specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) did not treat and was not able to prevent the progression of tumoral lesions induced by duodenogastric reflux in the rat stomachs.

Late administration of a specific COX-2 inhibitor does not treat and/or prevent progression of gastric tumors in rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux procedure

PURPOSE:To assess whether late introduction of a specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) can treat and/or prevent the progression of tumors in the stomach of rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux. METHODS: Seventy five male Wistar rats, weighing 150 grams, were submitted to the induction of duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus. At 36 weeks of follow-up were established three experimental groups: DGR36 sacrificed immediately, DGR54 and DGR54MLX both sacrificed at 54th week of follow-up . The animals of the latter group were fed with a rat chow premixed with Meloxicam (2.0 mg/ kg feed; 0.3 mg / kg bw / day) and the other two with standard rat chow. The lesions found in the pyloric mucosa and gastrojejunal anastomosis were analyzed macroscopically and histologically. For statistical analysis was adjusted a generalized linear model assuming a binomial distribution with LOGIT link function. RESULTS: No significant differences were found when comparing the incidences of benign tumor lesions (Adenomatous Hyperplasia), p=0.4915, or malignant (Mucinous Adenocarcinoma), p=0.2731, among groups. CONCLUSION: Late introduction of specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) did not treat and was not able to prevent the progression of tumoral lesions induced by duodenogastric reflux in the rat stomachs.

Diclofenac sodium and Imipenem action on rat intestinal mucosa: a biomechanical and histological study.

PURPOSE: To study diclofenac sodium induced histological and mechanical alterations and their prevention with Imipenem in rat intestine. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=240) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: GI: n=60 treated with 0.9% saline IM; GII: n=60 treated with 6 mg/kg body weight diclofenac sodium IM for four days; GIII: n=60 treated with 30 mg/kg body weight Imipenem IM for four days, and GIV n=60 treated with diclofenac sodium plus Imipenem at the above doses IM for 4 days. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups of 15 rats each and sacrificed at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days of follow-up, respectively. Abdominal cavity macroscopy and histology, and small bowel breaking strength were analyzed at each sacrifice moment. RESULTS: There were no histological or mechanical alterations in normal control rats throughout the study. Ulcerated lesions in intestinal mucosa were observed and breaking strength decreased in all diclofenac sodium treated rats. Ulcerated lesions in intestinal mucosa were prevented by Imipenem in all rats. CONCLUSION: Diclofenac sodium induced ulcerated lesions in rat intestinal mucosa can be prevented by Imipenem treatment.

Diclofenac sodium and Imipenem action on rat intestinal mucosa: a biomechanical and histological study / Ação do Diclofenaco de sódio e Imipenem na mucosa intestinal do rato: estudo biomecânico e histológico

PURPOSE: To study diclofenac sodium induced histological and mechanical alterations and their prevention with Imipenem in rat intestine. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=240) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: GI: n=60 treated with 0.9 percent saline IM; GII: n=60 treated with 6mg/kg body weight diclofenac sodium IM for four days; GIII: n=60 treated with 30mg/kg body weight Imipenem IM for four days, and GIV n=60 treated with diclofenac sodium plus Imipenem at the above doses IM for 4 days. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups of 15 rats each and sacrificed at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days of follow-up, respectively. Abdominal cavity macroscopy and histology, and small bowel breaking strength were analyzed at each sacrifice moment. RESULTS: There were no histological or mechanical alterations in normal control rats throughout the study. Ulcerated lesions in intestinal mucosa were observed and breaking strength decreased in all diclofenac sodium treated rats. Ulcerated lesions in intestinal mucosa were prevented by Imipenem in all rats. CONCLUSION: Diclofenac sodium induced ulcerated lesions in rat intestinal mucosa can be prevented by Imipenem treatment.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações histológicas e biomecânicas do diclofenaco de sódio na mucosa intestinal do rato e a associação com o uso de Imipenem. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 240 ratos Wistar distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais: GI: 60 ratos tratados com injeção IM de soro fisiológico 0,9 por cento; GII: 60 ratos tratados com injeção IM de diclofenaco de sódio na dose de 6mg/kg de peso por 4 dias; GIII: 60 ratos tratados com injeção IM de Imipenem na dose de 30 mg/kg de peso por 4 dias; GIV: 60 ratos tratados com injeção IM de soro fisiológico e diclofenaco de sódio nas doses acima. Em cada grupo os animais foram posteriormente divididos em 4 momentos de 15 animais em cada um para sacrifício, respectivamente, no 4º, 7º, 14º e 21º dias após o início do tratamento. As alterações da cavidade abdominal, assim como as características histológicas e de força de ruptura do intestino delgado foram analisadas em cada momento, em cada grupo. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas alterações histológicas e biomecânicas nos animais do Grupo I nesse estudo. Lesões ulceradas na mucosa do intestino delgado foram observadas nos animais tratados com diclofenaco de sódio, assim como diminuição da força de ruptura. As lesões ulceradas encontradas foram prevenidas pelo uso de Imipenem. CONCLUSÃO: O diclofenaco de sódio induz lesões ulceradas na mucosa intestinal do rato que podem ser prevenidas pelo uso de Imipenem.

Accuracy of six minute walk test, stair test and spirometry using maximal oxygen uptake as gold standard / Acurácia do teste de caminhada de seis minutos, teste de escada e espirometria usando o consumo máximo de oxigênio como padrão ouro

Purpuse: To assess the accuracy of the variables stair climbing time (SCt), stair climbing power (SCP), six-minute walk test distance (6MWT), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) using maximal oxygen uptake on exercise (VO2max) as the gold standard. Methods: Tests were performed in 51 patients. FEV1 was measured by spirometry and 6MWT was performed in a flat 120-m corridor. Stair climbing test was performed on a 6-flight stairway to obtain SCt and SCP. VO2max was measured by ergospirometry, using the Balke protocol. Pearson's linear correlation and p values were calculated between VO2max and the other variables tested. For accuracy calculations, variable cutoff points were obtained through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, dividing individuals into normal or unhealthy. Kappa statistic was used to calculate concordance. RESULTS: Accuracy was: SCt - 86 percent, 6MWT - 80 percent, SCP - 71 percent, FEV1(L) - 67 percent, FEV1( percent) - 63 percent. SCt and 6MWT showed 93.5 percent sensitivity when combined in parallel, and 96.4 percent specificity in series. Conclusion: SCt presented the best accuracy. SCt and 6MWT combined showed nearly 100 percent sensitivity or specificity. Thus, these simple exercise tests should be more routinely used, especially when an ergospirometer is not available to measure VO2max.

Objetivo: Determinar a acurácia das variáveis: tempo de escada (tTE), potência de escada (PTE), teste de caminhada (TC6) e volume expiratório forçado (VEF1) utilizando o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) como padrão-ouro. Métodos: Os testes foram realizados em 51 pacientes. O VEF1 foi obtido através da espirometria. O TC6 foi realizado em corredor plano de 120m. O TE foi realizado em escada de 6 lances obtendo-se tTE e PTE. O VO2máx foi obtido por ergoespirometria, utilizando o protocolo de Balke. Foram calculados a correlação linear de Pearson (r) e os valores de p, entre VO2máx e variáveis. Para o cálculo da acurácia, foram obtidos os pontos de corte, através da curva característica operacional (ROC). A estatística Kappa (k) foi utilizada para cálculo da concordância. Resultados: Obteve-se as acurácias: tTE - 86 por cento, TC6 - 80 por cento, PTE - 71 por cento, VEF1(L) - 67 por cento, VEF1 por cento - 63 por cento. Para o tTE e TC6 combinados em paralelo, obteve-se sensibilidade de 93,5 por cento e em série, especificidade de 96,4 por cento. Conclusão: O tTE foi a variável que apresentou a melhor acurácia. Quando combinados o tTE e TC6 podem ter especificidade e sensibilidade próxima de 100 por cento. Estes testes deveriam ser mais usados rotineiramente, especialmente quando a ergoespirometria para a medida de VO2máx não é disponível.

Accuracy of six minute walk test, stair test and spirometry using maximal oxygen uptake as gold standard.

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of the variables stair climbing time (SCt), stair climbing power (SCP), six-minute walk test distance (6MWT), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) using maximal oxygen uptake on exercise (VO(2)max) as the gold standard. METHODS: Tests were performed in 51 patients. FEV1 was measured by spirometry and 6MWT was performed in a flat 120-m corridor. Stair climbing test was performed on a 6-flight stairway to obtain SCt and SCP. VO(2)max was measured by ergospirometry, using the Balke protocol. Pearson's linear correlation and p values were calculated between VO2max and the other variables tested. For accuracy calculations, variable cutoff points were obtained through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, dividing individuals into normal or unhealthy. Kappa statistic was used to calculate concordance. RESULTS: Accuracy was: SCt - 86%, 6MWT - 80%, SCP - 71%, FEV1(L) - 67%, FEV1(%) - 63%. SCt and 6MWT showed 93.5% sensitivity when combined in parallel, and 96.4% specificity in series. CONCLUSION: SCt presented the best accuracy. SCt and 6MWT combined showed nearly 100% sensitivity or specificity. Thus, these simple exercise tests should be more routinely used, especially when an ergospirometer is not available to measure VO(2)max.

Carcinogenesis of the upper gastrointestinal tract induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine and reflux of duodenal contents in the rat.

PURPOSE: To investigate the combined effects of reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus and treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on the development of lesions in the glandular stomach, at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and in the forestomach of rats. METHODS: Eighty Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: G1: MNNG + Reflux, G2: Reflux, G3: MNNG and G4: Gastrostomy. MNNG was given in the drinking water (100 mg/ml) for 12 weeks and then two groups (G1 and G2) were submitted to a gastrojejunal anastomosis followed by section of the afferent loop and suture of both stumps to allow reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus. The animals were sacrificed 18 and 36 weeks after surgery. The lesions obtained in the antral mucosa, at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and in the forestomach were analysed histologically. RESULTS: Duodenal reflux induced proliferative lesions at both glandular and squamous mucosa of the stomach. In the antrum, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) was observed in 20% and 50% of the animals at the 18th and 36th weeks respectively. Aditionally 85% of the animals presented AH at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and 60% developed squamous hyperplasia at the squamous portion of the stomach. MNNG treatment plus duodenal reflux enhanced the development of malignant tumors at both glandular and squamous mucosa, since there were 30% of antral adenocarcinomas and 45% of squamous carcinomas at the 18th week and the frequency of these malignant tumors rose to 50% in the antrum and 65% in the squamous mucosa at the 36th week. CONCLUSION: The reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus enhanced the development of proliferative lesions, benign and malignant, in the glandular stomach and in the forestomach of rats.

Carcinogenesis of the upper gastrointestinal tract induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine and reflux of duodenal contents in the rat / Carcinogênese do trato gastrointestinal alto induzida pelo N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidina e pelo refluxo duodenogástrico no rato

PURPOSE: To investigate the combined effects of reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus and treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on the development of lesions in the glandular stomach, at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and in the forestomach of rats. METHODS: Eighty Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: G1: MNNG + Reflux, G2: Reflux, G3: MNNG and G4: Gastrostomy. MNNG was given in the drinking water (100 mg/ml) for 12 weeks and then two groups (G1 and G2) were submitted to a gastrojejunal anastomosis followed by section of the afferent loop and suture of both stumps to allow reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus. The animals were sacrificed 18 and 36 weeks after surgery. The lesions obtained in the antral mucosa, at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and in the forestomach were analysed histologically. RESULTS: Duodenal reflux induced proliferative lesions at both glandular and squamous mucosa of the stomach. In the antrum, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) was observed in 20% and 50% of the animals at the 18th and 36th weeks respectively. Aditionally 85% of the animals presented AH at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and 60% developed squamous hyperplasia at the squamous portion of the stomach. MNNG treatment plus duodenal reflux enhanced the development of malignant tumors at both glandular and squamous mucosa, since there were 30% of antral adenocarcinomas and 45% of squamous carcinomas at the 18th week and the frequency of these malignant tumors rose to 50% in the antrum and 65% in the squamous mucosa at the 36th week. CONCLUSION: The reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus enhanced the development of proliferative lesions, benign and malignant, in the glandular stomach and in the forestomach of rats.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do refluxo duodenogástrico e sua interação com o cancerígeno químico N-methil-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidina (MNNG) no desenvolvimento de lesões no estômago glandular, anastomose gastrojejunal e no estômago escamoso do rato. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 80 ratos Wistar divididos em 4 grupos: G1: MNNG + Refluxo, G2: Refluxo, G3: MNNG e G 4: Gastrostomia. O MNNG foi oferecido na água de beber (100mg/ml) por 12 semanas. A seguir foi feita anastomose gastrojejunal na porção glandular do estômago nos grupos G1 e G2, com secção da alça aferente junto ao estômago e sutura de ambos os cotos para permitir o refluxo do conteúdo duodenal para o estômago pelo piloro. Os animais foram sacrificados 18 e 36 semanas após a cirurgia. As lesões identificadas foram submetidas à exame histopatológico. RESULTADOS: O refluxo duodenogástrico levou ao desenvolvimento de lesões proliferativas no estômago glandular e na porção escamosa. No antro, hiperplasia adenomatosa (HA) foi diagnosticada em 20 e 50% dos animais (G2) na 18ª e 36ª semanas, respectivamente. Na anastomose gastrojejunal 85 por cento dos animais (G2) apresentaram HA e 60% apresentaram hiperplasia escamosa no estômago escamoso, na 36ª semana. No grupo MNNG+Refluxo foram identificados na 18ª semana, 30% adenocarcinomas no antro e 45%carcinomas escamosos. A freqüência destas lesões malignas aumentou, respectivamente, para 50% e 65% na 36ª semana. CONCLUSÃO: O refluxo duodenogástrico potencializou o desenvolvimento de lesões proliferativas benignas e malignas no estômago glandular e em sua porção escamosa, no rato.

The effect of gastric dilatation in rats submitted to gasified water ingestion under the hepatic metabolic function / Efeito da dilatação gástrica em ratos submetidos à ingestão de água gaseificada sobre a função metabólica hepática

INTRODUCTION: The amounts of people that are overweight have been increasing within the population in significant ways during the last decades. In this view, gasified beverages have become an important environmental concern in relation to the eating habits of people, especially who lives in the USA, Mexico, and Brazil. In this order, these three countries constitute the major beverages producers and consumers of the whole world. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of gastric dilatation in rats submitted to gasified water ingestion, uniform vehicle for all soft drinks, under metabolic patterns of the hepatic function. METHODS: Two groups of 15 rats were formed and observed during two weeks. The rats of the group I, were fed with 200g/day of rat food ad libitum and 100ml of non-gasified water during three daily periods. The rats composing the group II, were fed with 200g/day of rat food ad libitum and 100ml of gasified water within 3 daily periods. The media (x) and standard deviation (s) were calculated through the paired t-test for each group in order to compare the effects of the different types of water and its effect in each one of them. RESULTS: The results indicated that the animals which were submitted to the treatment with gasified water (G-II), presented an increase of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0,01), tendency to increase the glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) (0,10>p>0,05) and increase of the gastric area with macroscopic morphologic alterations, such as the loss of the characteristic linear depressions on the surface of the mucous membrane. CONCLUSION: The gasified water favored the expansion of the gastric area and contributed to the extinction of the linear depressions of the mucous organ, which caused metabolic alterations of the hepatic function.

INTRODUÇÃO: O excesso de peso na população aumentou de forma significante nas últimas décadas e as bebidas gasosas tornaram-se um fator ambiental importante no comportamento alimentar das pessoas, sendo os EUA, México e Brasil, nesta ordem, os três maiores paises produtores e consumidores de refrigerantes. OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da dilatação gástrica em ratos submetidos a ingestão de água gaseificada, veículo uniforme para todos os refrigerantes, sobre parâmetros metabólicos da função hepática. MÉTODOS: Foram constituídos dois grupos de 15 ratos acompanhados por 15 semanas. Ao Grupo-I, foram oferecidos 200 g/dia de ração ad libitum e 100 ml de água não gaseificada em 3 períodos diários, ao Grupo-II, foram oferecidos 200 g/dia de ração ad libitum e 100 ml de água gaseificada em 3 períodos diários; em cada grupo,foram calculados a média (x) e o desvio padrão (s); para todos os atributos estudados foi utilizado o método estatístico de teste t pareado, comparando-se GI com GII, testando-se o efeito dos tipos de água. RESULTADOS: Os resultados identificaram que os animais que foram submetidos ao tratamento com água gaseificada (Grupo-II), apresentaram um aumento de transaminase glutâmica pirúvica (TGP) e fosfatase alcalina p<0,01), tendência de aumento da transaminase glutâmica oxalacética (TGO) (0,10>p>0,05) e aumento da área gástrica com alterações morfológicas macroscópicas como o desaparecimento do pregueamento mucoso característico. CONCLUSÃO: A água gaseificada favoreceu o aumento da área gástrica com conseqüente desaparecimento macroscópico do pregueamento mucoso do órgão, que ocasionou alterações metabólicas da função hepática.

Alterations in the intestinal wall due to protein malnutrition in rats: Evaluation of the rupture strength and the tissue's collagen / Alterações da parede intestinal na carência de proteína no rato: Avaliação da força de ruptura e do colágeno tecidual

PURPOSE: To study the effect of protein malnutrition on the intestinal wall of rats by evaluating alterations in the rupture force and dosing tissue collagen in the ileum and distal colon. METHODS: One hundred and twenty rats, that had an average weight of 100g, were used. They received water and a standard diet with 20 percent protein during 7 days for adaptation to the diet itself and to environmental conditions. After that period, the animals were randomly distributed in two groups of 60 rats each: Group 1 - the animals received a control diet with 20 percent casein for 21 days; Group 2 - hypoprotein diet with 2 percent casein for 21 days. After the adaptation period, 12 animals of each group were sacrificed at 5 moments: the beginning of experimental period (M0), 4° day (M1), 7° day (M2), 14° day (M3) and 21° day (M4). The diet to the other rats was maintained until the last sacrifice. The following variables were evaluated: body weight, blood albumin rate, tissue's hydroxyproline, hydroxyproline/total protein ratio and rupture strength in the intestinal wall of the ileum and the distal colon. RESULTS: It was observed that the rupture strength in the ileum segment and distal colon was lower in malnourished animals (Group 2); the loss of mechanical resistance was higher in the distal colon segment than in the ileum probably due to the smaller concentration of tissue collagen in the distal colon. CONCLUSION: Protein malnutrition induces the loss of mechanical resistance of the ileum and distal colon and may be associated with a smaller percentage of collagenous tissue formation in the intestinal wall.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da desnutrição protéica na parede intestinal do rato através da medida de força de ruptura e dosagem do colágeno tecidual no íleo e cólon distal. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 120 ratos, pesando em média 100g, que receberam durante 07 dias uma dieta padrão, contendo 20 por cento de caseína para adaptação dos animais as condições do biotério. Após esse período os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de 60, o controle denominado grupo um que recebeu a dieta padrão, e o grupo teste denominado grupo dois, que recebeu dieta hipoprotéica contendo 2 por cento de caseína. Os dois grupos receberam suas respectivas dietas por um período de 21 dias. Após esse período iniciou-se o sacrifício seqüencial dos animais em ambos os grupos, em número de 12 animais em cada momento, correspondendo ao dia Zero (MO), 4º dia (M1), 7º dia (M2), 14º dia (M3), e 21º dia (M4) sendo mantida a mesma dieta até o final do sacrifício. Em cada momento foram avaliados o peso corpóreo, albumina sanguínea, hidroxiprolina tecidual, relação hidroxiprolina/proteína tecidual e a força de ruptura no segmento ileal e cólico dos animais. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a força de ruptura do segmento ileal e do cólon distal foi menor nos animais desnutridos (Grupo 2). A perda da resistência mecânica foi maior no segmento do cólon distal do que no segmento ileal, provavelmente pela menor concentração do colágeno tecidual no cólon distal. CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição protéica induz a diminuição da resistência mecânica no íleo e no cólon distal associado a diminuição do colágeno tecidual na parede intestinal.

The effect of gastric dilatation in rats submitted to gasified water ingestion under the hepatic metabolic function.

INTRODUCTION: The amounts of people that are overweight have been increasing within the population in significant ways during the last decades. In this view, gasified beverages have become an important environmental concern in relation to the eating habits of people, especially who lives in the USA, Mexico, and Brazil. In this order, these three countries constitute the major beverages producers and consumers of the whole world. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of gastric dilatation in rats submitted to gasified water ingestion, uniform vehicle for all soft drinks, under metabolic patterns of the hepatic function. METHODS: Two groups of 15 rats were formed and observed during two weeks. The rats of the group I, were fed with 200g/day of rat food ad libitum and 100ml of non-gasified water during three daily periods. The rats composing the group II, were fed with 200g/day of rat food ad libitum and 100ml of gasified water within 3 daily periods. The media (x) and standard deviation (s) were calculated through the paired t-test for each group in order to compare the effects of the different types of water and its effect in each one of them. RESULTS: The results indicated that the animals which were submitted to the treatment with gasified water (G-II), presented an increase of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0,01), tendency to increase the glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) (0,10>p>0,05) and increase of the gastric area with macroscopic morphologic alterations, such as the loss of the characteristic linear depressions on the surface of the mucous membrane. CONCLUSION: The gasified water favored the expansion of the gastric area and contributed to the extinction of the linear depressions of the mucous organ, which caused metabolic alterations of the hepatic function.

Alterations in the intestinal wall due to protein malnutrition in rats: evaluation of the rupture strength and the tissue's collagen.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of protein malnutrition on the intestinal wall of rats by evaluating alterations in the rupture force and dosing tissue collagen in the ileum and distal colon. METHODS: One hundred and twenty rats, that had an average weight of 100g, were used. They received water and a standard diet with 20% protein during 7 days for adaptation to the diet itself and to environmental conditions. After that period, the animals were randomly distributed in two groups of 60 rats each: Group 1 - the animals received a control diet with 20% casein for 21 days; Group 2 - hypoprotein diet with 2% casein for 21 days. After the adaptation period, 12 animals of each group were sacrificed at 5 moments: the beginning of experimental period (M0), 4 degrees day (M1), 7 degrees day (M2), 14 degrees day (M3) and 21 degrees day (M4). The diet to the other rats was maintained until the last sacrifice. The following variables were evaluated: body weight, blood albumin rate, tissue's hydroxyproline, hydroxyproline/total protein ratio and rupture strength in the intestinal wall of the ileum and the distal colon. RESULTS: It was observed that the rupture strength in the ileum segment and distal colon was lower in malnourished animals (Group 2); the loss of mechanical resistance was higher in the distal colon segment than in the ileum probably due to the smaller concentration of tissue collagen in the distal colon. CONCLUSION: Protein malnutrition induces the loss of mechanical resistance of the ileum and distal colon and may be associated with a smaller percentage of collagenous tissue formation in the intestinal wall.

Does troncular vagotomy modify the proliferative gastric lesions induced in rats by duodenogastric reflux?

PURPOSE: to investigate if combining VT to DGR through the pylorus can modulate the biological behavior of PL induced by DGR and to verify if TV alone can induce morphologic lesions in the gastric mucosa. METHODS: 62 male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: 1 - Control (CT) gastrotomy; 2 - Troncular Vagotomy (TV) plus gastrotomy; 3 - Duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus (R) and 4 - Troncular vagotomy plus DGR (RTV). The animals were killed at the 54 week of the experiment. DGR was obtained by anastomosing a proximal jejunal loop to the anterior gastric wall. TV was performed through isolation and division of the vagal trunks. Gastrotomy consisted of 1 cm incision at the anterior gastric wall. PL were analyzed gross and histologically in the antral mucosa, at the gastrojejunal stoma and at the squamous portion of the gastric mucosa. RESULTS: Groups R and RTV developed exophytic lesions in the antral mucosa (R=90.9%; RTV=100%) and at the gastrojejunal stoma (R=54.54%; RTV=63.63%). Histologically they consisted of proliferative benign lesions, without cellular atypias, diagnosed as adenomatous hyperplasia. Both groups exposed to DGR presented squamous hyperplasia at the squamous portion of the gastric mucosa (R= 54.5%; RTV= 45.4%). TV, alone, did not induce gross or histological alterations in the gastric mucosa. TV did note change the morphologic pattern of the proliferative lesions induced by DGR. CONCLUSIONS: DGR induces the development of PL in the pyloric mucosa and at the gastrojejunal stoma. TV does not change the morphologic pattern of the proliferative lesions induced by DGR. TV alone is not able to induce morphologic lesions in the gastric mucosa.

Does troncular vagotomy modify the proliferative gastric lesions induced in rats by duodenogastric reflux

PURPOSE: to investigate if combining VT to DGR through the pylorus can modulate the biological behavior of PL induced by DGR and to verify if TV alone can induce morphologic lesions in the gastric mucosa. METHODS: 62 male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: 1 - Control (CT) gastrotomy; 2 - Troncular Vagotomy (TV) plus gastrotomy; 3 - Duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus (R) and 4 - Troncular vagotomy plus DGR (RTV). The animals were killed at the 54 week of the experiment. DGR was obtained by anastomosing a proximal jejunal loop to the anterior gastric wall. TV was performed through isolation and division of the vagal trunks. Gastrotomy consisted of 1 cm incision at the anterior gastric wall. PL were analyzed gross and histologically in the antral mucosa, at the gastrojejunal stoma and at the squamous portion of the gastric mucosa. RESULTS: Groups R and RTV developed exophytic lesions in the antral mucosa (R=90.9 percent; RTV=100 percent) and at the gastrojejunal stoma (R=54.54 percent; RTV=63.63 percent). Histologically they consisted of proliferative benign lesions, without cellular atypias, diagnosed as adenomatous hyperplasia. Both groups exposed to DGR presented squamous hyperplasia at the squamous portion of the gastric mucosa (R= 54.5 percent; RTV= 45.4 percent). TV, alone, did not induce gross or histological alterations in the gastric mucosa. TV did note change the morphologic pattern of the proliferative lesions induced by DGR. CONCLUSIONS: DGR induces the development of PL in the pyloric mucosa and at the gastrojejunal stoma. TV does not change the morphologic pattern of the proliferative lesions induced by DGR. TV alone is not able to induce morphologic lesions in the gastric mucosa.

OBJETIVO: investigar se a adição da VT ao RDG através do piloro, interfere no comportamento biológico das LP induzidas pelo RDG e observar se a VT isoladamente leva ao desenvolvimento de lesões morfológicas na mucosa gástrica. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 62 ratos Wistar machos, distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais: 1- Controle (CT) Gastrotomia; 2- Vagotomia Troncular + gastrotomia (VT); 3-Refluxo duodeno-gástrico (R) e 4- RDG através do piloro e VT (RTV). Os animais foram sacrificados na 54ª semana do experimento. O RDG foi obtido através de anastomose do jejuno proximal com a parede gástrica anterior. A vagotomia troncular foi realizada através da dissecção e divisão dos troncos vagais. A gastrotomia consistiu de secção e síntese de um cm na parede gástrica anterior. As LP foram analisadas macroscopicamente e histologicamente na mucosa gástrica, na anastomose gastrojejunal e no estômago escamoso. RESULTADOS: Os grupos R e RVT desenvolveram lesões exofíticas na mucosa do antro gástrico (R=90,9 por cento e RVT=100 por cento) e na anastomose gastrojejunal (R=54,5 por cento e RVT=63,6 por cento) que se caracterizaram no exame histológico por lesões proliferativas epiteliais benignas, sem atipias celulares, diagnosticadas como hiperplasia adenomatosa. Na região do estômago escamoso, ambos os grupos expostos ao RDG apresentaram hiperplasia escamosa (R= 54,5 por cento e RVT= 45,4 por cento). A VT não modificou o padrão histopatológico das LP induzidas pelo RDG. Os grupos VT e CT não apresentaram alterações macroscópicas ou histológicas significativas. CONCLUSÕES: o RDG induz o desenvolvimento de lesões proliferativas (LP) benignas na mucosa do antro gástrico e na anastomose gastrojejunal. A VT isoladamente não induz alterações proliferativas na mucosa gástrica e não modifica as características morfológicas das LP induzidas pelo RDG através do piloro.

Prevalência de Helicobacter em cães oriundos do biotério central da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP)-Botucatu / Prevalence of Helicobacter in canines from animal colony of the State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP)-Botucatu

OBJETIVO: Investigar a incidência de Helicobacter sp em cães oriundos do biotério central da UNESP. MÉTODOS: Utilizamos 109 cães oriundos do Biotério Central da UNESP Campus de Botucatu verificando a presença do Helicobacter sp através do exame de histopatologia corado pelo método Giemsa, pelo teste rápido de urease (TRU) e a prevalência de Helicobacter pylori pelo teste sorológico imunocromatográfico. RESULTADOS: O resultado para a presença de Helicobacter foi de 99 por cento pela histopatologia e pelo TRU e 78,8 por cento de prevalência para a espécie H. pylori pelo teste sorológico. CONCLUSAO: As formas encontradas pela microscopia de imersão foram contrárias ao resultado do teste sorológico, sendo visibilzado formas compatíveis com a espécie H. heilmannii na maioria das amostras, e uma segunda forma de Helicobacter com características morfológicas distintas do H. pylori encontrado em humanos.

Avaliação de parâmetros de cicatrização no cólon de ratos diabéticos sem agressão cirúrgica / The evaluation of healing parameters in the colon of diabetic rats without surgical injury

OBJETIVO: Existem poucos estudos na literatura utilizando parâmetros de cicatrização em animais diabéticos antes da agressão cirúrgica e nenhum estudo no colon. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se o diabetes induzido pela aloxana poderia primariamente modificar parâmetros comumente usados para medir a cicatrização de anastomoses do colon de ratos, em animais sem injúria cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: 180 ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos de animais, um controle e o outro de animais diabéticos. Os animais foram considerados diabéticos se apresentaram glicemia>200mg/dl e glicose urinária>3000mg/dl. Após 3 meses, os 2 grupos foram avaliados em 6 momentos de sacrifício quando foram analisdos os parâmetros relacionados ao diabetes (glicemia, glicose urinária e insulina plasmática) e à cicatrização (força de ruptura, hidroxiprolina, proteína tecidual total e a relação HOP/PTT). RESULTADOS: A aloxana 2 por cento causou 42,3 por cento de mortalidade e 72,4 por cento de diabetes grave. Todos os animai no gruo diabético apresentaram glicemia>300mg/dl, glicose urinária>3000mg/dl e significante decréscimo na insulina plamática. Nem a força de ruptura, nem as dosagens de HOP e PTT mostraram alterações estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. CONCLUSAO: Os achados do nosso estudo sugeriram que o diabetes não pode primariamente alterar parâmetros comumente usados para medir a cicatrização em colon de animais diabéticos antes da injúria cirúrgica.

Increase of gastric area and weight gain in rats submitted to the ingestion of gasified water

PURPOSE: Due to the progressive increasing in the use of gasified drinks and weight gain in the Brazilian population, in addition to the fact that carbonic gas is present in all soft drinks, an experimental study was conducted using rats as the subject to investigate the effects of gasified water in the hydric ingestion and food intake, weight gain, gastric area, blood sugar, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. METHODS: Four groups of 12 rats were studied for 36 days while receiving the following daily diet, four times per day: Group 1- 35g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20ml of non-gasified water; Group 2 - 35g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20 ml of gasified water; Group 3 -10g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20ml of non-gasified water; and Group 4 - l0g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20ml of gasified water. RESULTS: The results showed that the animals submitted to the treatment with gasified water (Groups 2 and 4), presented a larger volume of hydric ingestion and significant increase of the gastric area (p<0,001). In group 2, the food intake and the weight gain were significant (p<0,01). Blood sugar, hematocrit and hemoglobin data didn't show significant alterations among the studied groups. CONCLUSION: The authors of this study concluded that gasified water favored the hydric ingestion, food intake, and weight gain, as well as expanded the gastric area.

O refluxo duodeno-gástrico (RDG), através do piloro, induz lesöes proliferativas gástricas em ratos? / Does duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus induce proliferating gastric lesions in rats?

Objetivo: Estudar o desenvolvimento de lesöes proliferativas na mucosa gástrica de ratos Wistar submetidos ao refluxo duodeno-gástrico (RDG) através do piloro e, também, avaliar os efeitos da interrupçäo do RDG sobre o desenvolvimento das mesmas. Métodos: Constituíram-se três grupos experimentais: No CT (n = 20) os ratos foram submetidos a uma gastrotomia; nos grupos RDG54 (n = 16) e RDG36 (n = 14) realizou-se a induçäo do RDG e, somente no último, interrompeu-se o RDG após 36 semanas. O RDG foi obtido através da realizaçäo de anastomose entre o jejuno proximal e a parede gástrica anterior, seguido por secçäo completa e fechamento das bocas distal e proximal do jejuno a cerca de lcm antes do início da gastroenteroanastomose. Na 54,1 semana do seguimento, todos os ratos foram submetidos à eutanásia. Resultados: Diagnosticaram-se três tipos de lesöes proliferativas: na mucosa glandular, a hiperplasia adenomatosa e o adenocarcinoma e, no epitélio escamoso, a hiperplasia escamosa. No grupo CT, näo se diagnosticaram lesöes proliferativas. Na regiäo da mucosa pilórica dos grupos RDG54 e RDG36, a incidência da hiperplasia adenomatosa foi, respectivamente, de 68,75 por cento e 50 por cento (p > 0,30), enquanto na regiäo da gastroenteroanastomose, de 43,75 por cento no RDG54 e 85,71 por cento no RDG36 (p < 0,05). No epitélio escamoso, a incidência da hiperplasia escamosa no RDG54 e RDG36 foi, respectivamente, de 62,5 por cento e 14,2 por cento (p < 0,001). O adenocarcinoma foi diagnosticado na regiäo da anastomose de uma única peça histológica do RDG54. Através de um sistema de análise digital, determinaram-se as áreas da hiperplasia adenomatosa. Na regiäo da mucosa pilórica, obteve-se mediana de 8,583mm2 no RDG54 e de 0,2690mm2 no RDG36 (p < 0,001). Na gastroenteroanastomose, obteve-se zero no RDG54 e 0,5295mmz no RDG36 (p > 0,50). Conclusöes: O RDG propiciou o desenvolvimento de lesöes proliferativas, predominantemente benignas. A interrupçäo do RDG refreou o crescimento da área da hiperplasia adenomatosa na mucosa pilórica e diminuiu a incidência da hiperplasia escamosa. Na regiäo da gastroenteroanastomose, o procedimento cirúrgico favoreceu a manutençäo do processo proliferativo, mesmo após a interrupçäo do RDG através do piloro.

Efeito do diclofenaco de sódio na cicatrizaçäo da parede abdominal de ratos. Estudo histopatológico, da força de ruptura e do colágeno tecidual / Sodium diclofenac effect in abdominal wall cicatrization in rats: histological, breaking strength and tissue collagen studies

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos do diclofenaco sódico sobre a cicatrizaçäo da parede abdominal de ratos, foram utilizados 80 animais da linhagem Wistar divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1: formado por 40 animais submetidos à laparotomia mediana e à injeçäo intramuscular de soro fisiológico durante quatro dias. Grupo 2: formado por 40 animais submetidos à laparotomia mediana e à injeçäo intramuscular de diclofenaco sódico durante quatro dias. Animais de ambos os grupos foram analisados no 5§, 7§, 14§ e 21§ dias de pós-operatório, correspondendo, respectivamente à M1, M2, M3 e M4. Em cada momento foram estudados 10 animais e os parâmetros analisados foram a evoluçäo clínica, a força de ruptura, estudo histológico e o conteúdo de colágeno tecidual da parede abdominal. Os animais do grupo tratado apresentaram como complicaçöes, deiscência e/ou hérnia incisional, perda ponderal e taxa de mortalidade, complicaçöes estas näo evidenciadas no grupo controle. Observamos também neste grupo, diminuiçäo da força de ruptura no 7§ e 14§ dia de pós-operatório e diminuiçäo da concentraçäo de colágeno tecidual no 5§, 7§ e 14§ dia de pós-operatório. Ambos os parâmetros retornaram a valores normais no 21§ dia de pós-operatório. Quanto ao estudo histológico, concluímos que a cicatriz da parede abdominal dos animais tratados com D.S. apresentam retardo do processo cicatricial em relaçäo aos seus controles, caracterizado por uma menor fibrogênese, menor densidade de fibras colágenas, além de um número maior de complicaçöes, como microabscessos, em torno dos fios de sutura.

Invasive enteritis by Strongyloides stercoralis presenting as acute abdominal distress under corticosteroid therapy

Overwhelming helminthiasis is still a problem in endemic areas, especially in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of invasive intestinal strongyloidiasis that was clinically expressed as acute abdominal distress in a 73-year-old man from Säo Paulo who had been receiving methylprednisone, 20 mg/day, for one year for osteoarthritis. A surgical specimen from the ileum revealed invasive enteritis with severe infestation by Strongyloides stercoralis. The patient died of sepsis 6 days after surgery. The possibility of invasive strongyloidiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal distress in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy